Cervical Cancer: Understanding the Risks

Pap smears and HPV tests

Pap smears and HPV tests can help prevent cervical cancer.

• Pap smears look for cervical cell changes that may be "precancerous." This means they are not currently cancer but may become cancer later on.
• HPV tests look for the human papillomavirus (HPV), which is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) that can cause cervical cancer.

The earlier you detect cervical cancer, the easier it is to treat.

How often should you get tested?

• 21-29 years old: Routine Pap smears should start at 21 years old. These are usually repeated every 3 years or sooner if abnormal. No HPV test is recommended.
• 30-65 years old: Three options, repeated every 3-5 years, depending on test type and results:
  • Pap smear only
  • HPV test only
  • Pap smear and HPV test
• >65 years old: May not have to be screened anymore if:
  • Normal screening test results for several year
  • No cervical precancer in the past
  • Cervix removed for non-cancerous conditions

What do the test results mean?

Pap Smear

• Normal or Negative - No cervical cell changes were found
• Unclear (ASC-US) - Cervical cells look like they could be abnormal, but it is not clear if it's related to HPV
• Abnormal - Abnormal cell changes were found, likely caused by HPV. These may be minor or more serious. More serious changes may be "pre-cancer" because they are not currently cancer, but may become cancer later.
• Unsatisfactory - Not enough cells or cells were clumped together making the test unable to be completed properly. Test must be repeated.

HPV

• Negative
  • Do not have an HPV type that is linked to cervical cancer
• Positive
  • Do have an HPV type that is linked to cervical cancer
  • Does not indicate cancer, but does indicate being at risk for developing cancer later

What can I do to reduce my risk of cervical cancer?

• Get vaccinated against HPV!
  • HPV vaccine is recommended in all children, both male and female who are 11-12 years old, but can be given as early as 9 years old.
  • HPV vaccine is still recommended in everyone, both males and females, through 26 years old, if not previously vaccinated.
  • In everyone 27-45 years old, the HPV vaccine may still be recommended based on your specific risks. Talk to your doctor to discuss your specific risks to decide if the HPV vaccine is right for you.
• Have regular screenings, even if you are in a monogamous relationship.
• Always follow-up with your doctor if your test results are not normal.